A true understanding of the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the genetic coding of florogenesis in fertile garlic genotypes will facilitate garlic breeding. Herein we studied the expression patterns of gaLFY and AsFT 1, 2, 4 during reproductive development in different organs of bolting, semi-bolting and non-bolting Iranian garlic clones. The highest relative expression of the gaLFY was observed in the meristem of all clones eight weeks after planting, which was 20 fold more in bolting than in non-bolting clone. gaLFY expression was also increased in the inflorescence of bolting clone in comparison to control (eight leaves of non-bolting clone). AsFT4 and AsFT1 were expressed in the bulbs of all clones and at low amount in inflorescence and flowers of bolting clone, respectively. The highest relative expression of the AsFT2 was observed in the leaves of all clones 12 weeks after culture, which was 3. 2 times more in bolting than in non-bolting clones. AsFT2 was also expressed in the meristem of bolting and semi-bolting clones. It is suggested that gaLFY plays its role in flowering integration and floral identity and AsFT2 could be a flowering integrator gene in bolting clone. Low expression of gaLFY and AsFT2 in semi-and non-bolting clones causes vegetative to reproductive transition but inhibits complete scape elongation. So that in the non-bolting garlic scape aborts and in the semi-bolting garlic a very short scape forms among the leaves.

In order to identify the correlations and relationships between different traits in the bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated as sub-factors under the split plot experiment in the completely randomized design in greenhouse and the randomized complete block design in the field with three replications under the normal irrigation and post-anthesis water stress conditions. The results of the canonical correlation analysis showed that at both normal and moisture stress levels, there was a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables obtained from the phenological traits and the yield components. Under the normal conditions in the greenhouse, to increase the spike density and length, the number of days to 50% flowering can be considered as a suitable selection criterion. According to the results of canonical correlation analysis, under the stressed conditions in greenhouse, to increase the spike length, the number of days to the heading, maturity and 50% of flowering were among the important and effective factors. Under the optimum irrigation conditions in the field, the number of days to maturity was considered as one of the factors influencing the seed weight per spike. The results of canonical correlation analysis under the field stress conditions showed that to increase the 1000-seed weight, the number of days to maturity can be considered an appropriate selection criterion.

In order to identify genetic loci associated with flowering time in oriental-type tobacco, the genetic population comprising 100 F2 individuals from the cross between two oriental-type genotypes Basma seres 31 (maternal) ´ SPT 406 (paternal) were evaluated for days to flowering character. In molecular experiment, linkage map with 23 SSR and 29 ISSR markers were prepared which covered 570.8 cM of tobacco genome. Using interval and composite interval mapping procedures, 9 and 2 QTLs were identified for studied character, respectively. In this study, the most of identified QTLs were located on linkage group 5. Genetic loci qDF5-3 and qDF2-27, identified via interval mapping, with 0.8 and 36 percent of R2 were the minor and major QTLs, respectively. According to results, the percentage of phenotypic variance (R2) explained by identified QTLs through composite interval mapping (qDF5-1 and qDF5-2), ranged from 1.95 to 15.34. Results revealed the role of both additive and dominance effects in genetic control of days to flowering in oriental-type tobacco.

Seed’s dormancy is considered as one of the effective factors in seeds germination and consequently in the growth of seeds of many plant species. Shortening the dormancy period and enhancing the germination percentage in fruit types could be a valuable strategy for the seed researchers and plant nurseries. In this research the seeds of mature fruits of different almond cultivars including late-very late flowering (Sahand), mid-late flowering (Touno) and early-very early flowering (Najafabad)cultivars with hard shells after being collected and prepared, were separated from the hull and were preserved under 18% dry moisture till the beginning of the experiment in a proper place. Seeds were disinfected with 2% TMTD® (Tetramethyl thiuram disulphide) fungicide solution for 30 minutes. Treated seeds, with and without endocarp, were stratified at 4oC for 1-15 weeks. The numbers of germinated seeds were recorded weekly for each cultivar. The seeds were examined during cold stratification 4oC due with a view to the germination once a week. The results showed that different treatments have significant effect on the decrease of the time of different cultivars’ seed germination; in other words, on the decrease of the chilling requirement in them. In hard shell seeds of Touno, Sahand and Najafabad cultivars with different flowering time had higher germination rate and uniformity, respectively.

Objective: Flowering Time (FT) in cereals controlled by genes that had a main factor on plant development.Methods: Genetic and phenotypic diversity of four flowering time genes (FT2, FT3, FT4, Ppd-H1) in 19 genotypes of cultivated and wild barley was evaluated and a total of 107 alleles were amplified. Genotypes based on days to flowering time and molecular data were grouped into early, middle and late maturity.Results: Molecular data analysis showed that 83% of variety was observed within populations and 17% was related to among population. Neis the maximum and minimum genetic distance between early - late (0.629) and early. middle was (0.0224). The average of allelic polymorphism was 83.33%. Also, the results of Spearman correlation for markers the number of days to flowering indicated that Ppd-H1 marker has the most significant negative correlation with days to flowering that prefigures the dominant allele role of this marker to reduce the number of days to flowering. Generally, the results of this research showed that there is a high genetic and phenotypic variation for specific markers that affected flowering time in barley. Also, genotypes with dominant allele of Ppd-H1 (9bp, deletion) compared to other genotypes show earlier flowering in response to the condition of long days, that it is an important feature for selection of superior genotypes in response to the stress conditions at the end of season.

Introduction: Apple is a major commercial fruit crop grown in Iran. The country produces approximately 1.6 - 2.7 million tonnes of apples and was one of the top 10 apple producing countries in the world during the last decade. West Azerbaijan province, with more than 50, 000 hectare of apple orchards and by producing of approximately one million tonne of fresh apple, is one of the main regions of apple production in Iran. In this region, two common apple cultivars Red Delicious and Golden Delicious are dominant (>90%), which needs to be updated by new apple cultivars to satisfy different technical/management as well as worldwide marketing requirements. Apple cultivars evaluations was started in Iran since 1953 and a lot of apple collection were established, but and until new apple cultivar was not introduced to farmers, As a first step for introduction of alternative cultivars, in this study, vegetative growth, flowering time, fruit ripening time as well as fruit quality of 12 apple (Malus pumilla Mill) cultivars were evaluated under Urmia climatic conditions. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate vegetative growth, quality and compatibility of some apple cultivars to allow selection of alternative cultivars for commercial apple production in the northwest province of Iran...

One of the effects of climate change and global warming, on leafy vegetables production, is bolting. The four parental lines derived from Iranian lettuce landrace of Shirazi, Zeareei and Siah with difference in flowering time crosses between each pair and F1, F2, BC1p1 and BC1p2 generations were obtained. Transplants were planted in two separate experiments in a randomized complete block design with three replications and flowering time, head weight, number of leaves and leaf length of biggest outer leaf were recorded. Generation mean analysis showed that in all traits additive dominant model was inadequate and other factors such as epistasis is effective in controlling interested traits. The effect of additive is significant but the effect of dominance is much greater than it. The additive × additive effects and dominance× dominance effects on traits have been effective. To determine the number of effect factors at the flowering time of the F2 segregation and two genes involved in controlling flowering time were confirmed. Results showed that late flowering lines of the Siah and Zeareei landrace produced better quality and quantity head than early flowering lines of Shirazi landrace. Thus flowering time, leaf number and head weight had positive correlation. It is expected that selected genotypes with late flowering time had good potential for this important traits and should be used in breeding programs.